Khandaker Mosharraf Hossain (খন্দকার মোশাররফ হোসেন) is a Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician and geologist. He represented the Comilla-2 constituency as a Jatiya Sangsad member during 1991–2006.

Khandaker Mosharraf Hossain was born on 1 October 1946 into the aristocratic Bengali Muslim Khandaker family of the village of Goyeshpur in Daudkandi Upazila in Comilla. His father was Khandaker Ashraf Ali, and his mother was Hosne Ara Hasna Hena.

Hossain earned an MSc degree from the University of Dhaka in 1968 and another MSc degree from Imperial College (then under the University of London) in 1970. He obtained the PhD degree in geology in 1973 from the University of London and DIC from Imperial College in 1974. He was the chairman of the Department of Geology, University of Dhaka from 1987 to 1991.

Hossain joined the University of Dhaka faculty as a junior lecturer in the Department of Geology in 1967. He became a professor in the same department in 1986.

Hossain has been a member of the Standing Committee of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) since 1994. He was elected as a Jatiya Sangsad member from the Comilla-2 constituency in the national elections for four terms since 1991. He was the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources and Home Affairs during 1991–1996. He was also the Minister of Health and Family Welfare during the preceding Four Party Alliance government.

Hossain was the chairman of the 56th World Health Assembly (WHA) in 2002. He was awarded the "World No Tobacco Award" by the World Health Organization during the 57th WHA for his contribution to the anti-tobacco campaign in Bangladesh.

Hossain is married to Bilquis Akther Hossain. They have two sons, Khandaker Mahbub Hossain and Khandaker Maruf Hossain, and one daughter, Mahzabin Khandaker, and 4 grandsons, Khandaker Mashraf Hossain, Rishan Islam, Khandaker Mishraq Hossain, and Khandaker Miraaf Hossain, including 1 granddaughter, Mihira Siara Khandaker.